Category Women Health

Uterine Fibroid Treatment in Delhi – Symptoms & Solutions

Uterine fibroids are one of the most common gynecological concerns affecting women in their reproductive years. These non-cancerous growths in the uterus can cause a wide range of symptoms, from heavy bleeding to pelvic pain, and even fertility challenges. If you are searching for uterine fibroid treatment in Delhi, understanding the symptoms, diagnosis, and advanced treatment options available is the first step toward relief and recovery.

Under the expert care of Dr. Shelly Singh, a leading gynecologist in Delhi NCR, women can find effective, personalized solutions for managing fibroids and improving overall reproductive health.

Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids

Many women may not realize they have fibroids until they cause noticeable discomfort. The common symptoms include:

  • Heavy menstrual bleeding (a leading cause of anemia)
  • Pelvic pressure or pain
  • Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
  • Backache or leg pain
  • Difficulty conceiving or maintaining pregnancy

If you have been wondering about heavy bleeding causes, fibroids are among the most common reasons.

Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids

Dr. Shelly Singh uses advanced diagnostic tools to identify fibroids accurately. Common diagnostic methods include:

  • Pelvic ultrasound – to confirm the presence and size of fibroids
  • MRI scans – to map fibroid location in detail

Early diagnosis ensures timely intervention and prevents complications like infertility or chronic anemia.

Modern Fibroid Removal Options in Delhi

Thanks to medical advancements, women now have multiple fibroid removal options beyond conventional surgery. At Dr. Shelly Singh’s clinic in Delhi, treatment plans are tailored based on symptoms, size, and future pregnancy goals.

1. Medication Management

For small fibroids, medications help control symptoms like heavy bleeding and pain.

2. Minimally Invasive Surgery

Procedures like laparoscopic myomectomy allow removal of fibroids with tiny incisions, reducing recovery time.

3. Hysteroscopic Surgery

Ideal for fibroids inside the uterine cavity, this procedure is safe and highly effective.

4. Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE)

A modern, non-surgical method where blood supply to fibroids is blocked, causing them to shrink.

5. Advanced Hysterectomy (when necessary)

For severe cases where childbearing is not a concern, hysterectomy may be advised.

With her expertise, Dr. Shelly Singh ensures that every woman receives the most advanced and safest form of uterine fibroid treatment in Delhi.

Why Choose Dr. Shelly Singh for Fibroid Treatment in Delhi?

  • Expertise in minimally invasive fibroid removal options
  • Personalized treatment plans for women at different stages of life
  • Compassionate care focused on women’s reproductive health and wellbeing

If you are struggling with fibroids, Dr. Shelly Singh offers world-class expertise right here in Delhi.

Areas in Delhi Served

Women from South Delhi, East Delhi, West Delhi, North Delhi, and nearby NCR regions such as Gurgaon, Noida, and Ghaziabad trust Dr. Shelly Singh for advanced uterine fibroid treatment in Delhi.

FAQs on Uterine Fibroid Treatment in Delhi

Q1. What are the common causes of uterine fibroids?

 Fibroids often develop due to hormonal imbalances (estrogen and progesterone), family history, and lifestyle factors.

Q2. Can fibroids cause infertility?

 Yes, depending on their size and location, fibroids may interfere with conception or pregnancy. Timely treatment with a skilled gynecologist like Dr. Shelly Singh can improve outcomes.

Q3. Is surgery always required for fibroid treatment?

 Not always. Medication, non-surgical procedures, and minimally invasive surgeries are often effective alternatives.

Q4. How long does recovery take after fibroid surgery?

 Recovery varies by procedure. Minimally invasive surgeries allow most women to return to daily activities within 1–2 weeks.

Q5. Where can I find the best uterine fibroid treatment in Delhi?

 At the clinic of Dr. Shelly Singh, where advanced technology and compassionate care come together.

Take the Next Step

Don’t let fibroids control your life. If you’re experiencing heavy bleeding, pain, or fertility challenges, consult Dr. Shelly Singh, one of the most trusted names for uterine fibroid treatment in Delhi.

📞 Book your consultation today and reclaim your health with the best fibroid care in Delhi NCR.

What Every Woman Should Know About Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. While they are common and often harmless, they can sometimes cause discomfort or signal underlying reproductive issues. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for maintaining reproductive health and overall well-being.

For women in Delhi NCR, seeking timely ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR is essential, and consulting an experienced gynecologist can make all the difference. Dr. Shelly Singh, a trusted expert in women’s health, provides comprehensive care to ensure early detection and safe management.

Common Causes of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can develop due to a variety of reasons:

  • Hormonal imbalances during the menstrual cycle

  • Endometriosis or pelvic infections

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

  • Previous ovarian cysts or family history

Identifying the cause early helps in choosing the right ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR and preventing complications. Dr. Shelly Singh emphasizes regular check-ups and awareness of potential risk factors for optimal reproductive health issues management.

Symptoms You Shouldn’t Ignore

Many ovarian cysts are asymptomatic, but some may present noticeable signs such as:

  • Pelvic pain or pressure, which may sometimes be mistaken for pregnancy discomfort

  • Irregular menstrual cycles that could affect fertility or pregnancy planning

  • Bloating or abdominal swelling similar to early pregnancy symptoms

  • Pain during intercourse or urination, which can also impact pregnancy health

Early consultation with a gynecologist ovarian cysts specialist ensures accurate cyst diagnosis in Delhi and timely intervention. If you notice any of these symptoms, scheduling a consultation with Dr. Shelly Singh can help prevent further complications.

Diagnosing Ovarian Cysts

Accurate diagnosis is the first step toward effective ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR. Common diagnostic procedures include:

  • Pelvic ultrasound to visualize cysts

  • Blood tests to check hormone levels

  • MRI or CT scans for complex cases

  • Physical examination by a qualified gynecologist ovarian cysts expert

Dr. Shelly Singh ensures every patient receives personalized care and advanced diagnostic techniques for precise cyst diagnosis in Delhi.

Treatment Options

Depending on the size, type, and symptoms of the cyst, treatment may include:

  1. Watchful waiting for small, non-cancerous cysts

  2. Medication to regulate hormones and reduce cyst formation

  3. Minimally invasive surgery for larger or symptomatic cysts

  4. Lifestyle changes to support hormonal balance and overall reproductive health issues

For reliable ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR, consulting Dr. Shelly Singh ensures a safe, effective, and patient-centric approach tailored to individual needs.

 

Prevention and Care

While not all ovarian cysts are preventable, women can adopt habits to reduce risks:

  • Regular gynecological check-ups

  • Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine

  • Monitoring menstrual cycles and symptoms

  • Seeking immediate medical advice for unusual pelvic pain

Early intervention with ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR by specialists like Dr. Shelly Singh enhances recovery and reduces potential complications.

FAQs

Q1. Are ovarian cysts dangerous?
 Most ovarian cysts are benign, but some may cause pain or complications if untreated. Early cyst diagnosis in Delhi is key.

Q2. How can I detect ovarian cysts early?
 Regular pelvic exams and ultrasounds by a gynecologist ovarian cysts specialist help in early detection.

Q3. Can ovarian cysts affect fertility?
 Some cysts, especially those caused by PCOS or endometriosis, may impact fertility. Timely ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR can help maintain reproductive health.

Q4. What is the best treatment option?
 Treatment depends on cyst type, size, and symptoms. Dr. Shelly Singh offers personalized care to determine the safest and most effective plan.

Q5. How often should I get checked?
 Women should consult a gynecologist at least once a year or sooner if they experience unusual pelvic symptoms.

Take the First Step Toward Relief  Connect with Dr. Shelly Singh for professional guidance and comprehensive ovarian cyst treatment in Delhi NCR tailored to your needs.

Chronic Vaginal Discharge: When It’s More Than Just an Infection – Chronic Vaginal Discharge Treatment in New Delhi

Introduction – Why Vaginal Health is Vital & Understanding Chronic Discharge : chronic vaginal discharge treatment in New Delhi

Chronic vaginal discharge can be frustrating, uncomfortable, and sometimes a sign of an underlying health condition beyond common infections. Identifying the root cause and seeking timely care from an experienced chronic vaginal discharge treatment in New Delhi is essential for proper treatment and long-term relief.

What is Chronic Vaginal Discharge? – Understanding the Difference

Chronic discharge is discharge that persists for weeks or months, often despite basic treatments. It can result from recurring infections, hormonal imbalances, or more complex gynecological issues. In such cases, professional chronic vaginal discharge treatment in New Delhi is necessary.

Common Causes of Chronic Vaginal Discharge

  • Recurrent Infections – Bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and STIs that return even after treatment.
  • Hormonal Changes – Menopause, pregnancy, or birth control effects.
  • Cervical or Uterine Conditions – Polyps, chronic cervicitis, or precancerous changes.
  • Lifestyle & Medical Factors – Stress, immune system disorders, and prolonged antibiotic use.

Types of Vaginal Discharge & What They May Indicate

  • Clear or White (Normal/Physiological) – Typically harmless but monitor if excessive.
  • Thick & Clumpy (Yeast Infection) – Often itchy and uncomfortable.
  • Green or Yellow (Possible Bacterial Infection) – May signal bacterial infection or STI.
  • Brown or Bloody (Possible Serious Condition) – Can indicate cervical or uterine issues.

How to Maintain Vaginal Health & Prevent Chronic Discharge

  • Maintain proper hygiene with mild, unscented cleansers.
  • Eat probiotic-rich foods to restore good bacteria.
  • Avoid douching and scented feminine products.
  • Wear breathable cotton underwear.
    If symptoms persist, seek help from a vaginal discharge doctor in South Delhi or nearby areas like Neeti Bagh.

When to See a Gynecologist – Warning Signs
Seek immediate medical attention if you notice:

Treatment Options – From Diagnosis to Recovery

Clinic-Based Treatments:

  • Targeted medications for recurring infections
  • Hormonal therapy for imbalance-related discharge
  • Minimally invasive procedures for structural issues

At-Home Care (Under Medical Supervision):

  • Probiotic supplements
  • Lifestyle adjustments to strengthen immunity
  • Gentle hygiene practices

About Dr. Shelly Singh

Dr. Shelly Singh – MBBS, MD (Obstetrics & Gynaecology) – is a highly respected Gynecologist, Obstetrician, and Infertility Specialist with 35 years of overall experience (including 28 years as a specialist). She is known for her compassionate, patient-first approach and her expertise in managing complex gynecological conditions, including chronic vaginal discharge treatment in New Delhi. Dr. Singh serves patients from Neeti Bagh, South Delhi, and across Delhi NCR, offering accurate diagnosis and advanced treatment options.

Conclusion 

Chronic vaginal discharge should never be ignored. Early diagnosis ensures quicker recovery and prevents complications.
Struggling with persistent discharge? Book your consultation today with Dr. Shelly Singh for expert chronic vaginal discharge treatment in New Delhi, serving Neeti Bagh and South Delhi.

Book Your Appointment Now

Adenomyosis: The Silent Cause of Painful Periods and Infertility

Many women silently suffer from painful periods, heavy bleeding, and unexplained infertility—often brushing them off as “normal.” However, these symptoms can point to a lesser-known condition called adenomyosis. With rising awareness and medical advancements, seeking the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi is the first step toward relief.

In this comprehensive guide, Dr. Shelly Singh, MBBS, MD – Obstetrics & Gynaecology, a renowned gynecologist, obstetrician, and infertility specialist in New Delhi, explains what adenomyosis is, how it affects your body, and the most effective treatment options available today.

What is Adenomyosis?

Adenomyosis is a condition in which the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle wall of the uterus (myometrium). This abnormal growth leads to inflammation, uterine enlargement, and painful symptoms. Dr. Shelly Singh emphasizes that this condition is often overlooked but can have a profound impact on a woman’s reproductive health.

Women seeking the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi must understand that early diagnosis and specialized care are critical to managing the condition effectively.

Best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi

Common Symptoms of Adenomyosis

According to Dr. Shelly Singh, symptoms of adenomyosis can vary, but most women report:

  • Severe menstrual cramps
  • Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Pelvic pain or pressure
  • Pain during intercourse
  • Chronic fatigue
  • Infertility or difficulty conceiving

These symptoms often mimic other conditions like fibroids or endometriosis, making expert evaluation essential for accurate diagnosis and the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi.

What Causes Adenomyosis?

While the exact cause of adenomyosis is unknown, risk factors may include:

  • Previous uterine surgeries (C-sections, fibroid removal)
  • Childbirth history
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Middle age (common in women aged 35–50)

Dr. Shelly Singh, known for offering the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi, stresses that women experiencing persistent menstrual issues should not delay medical evaluation.

How is Adenomyosis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves:

  • Pelvic examination
  • Ultrasound imaging
  • MRI scans
  • Ruling out similar conditions (like fibroids or endometriosis)

Timely diagnosis is crucial, and women should consult a specialist like Dr. Shelly Singh, who offers advanced diagnostics and the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi.

Best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi

Best Adenomyosis Treatment in New Delhi – Options Explained by Dr. Shelly Singh

Treatment for adenomyosis depends on the severity of symptoms, age, and future fertility goals. As a leading gynecologist, Dr. Shelly Singh offers personalized care plans tailored to each patient’s needs.

1. Medication-Based Treatment

  • Pain relievers (NSAIDs)
  • Hormonal therapy (birth control pills, IUDs)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists

These methods are effective in managing symptoms for many women, particularly those not planning to conceive.

2. Minimally Invasive Procedures

For moderate cases, Dr. Shelly Singh may recommend:

  • Endometrial ablation
  • Uterine artery embolization (UAE)

These preserve the uterus and can significantly reduce symptoms.

3. Surgical Treatment

In severe cases, especially when fertility is no longer a concern, a hysterectomy may be recommended. As an experienced surgeon, Dr. Shelly Singh ensures that this option is considered only after evaluating all alternatives.

Seeking the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi ensures that women receive the full range of medical and surgical options tailored to their reproductive goals.

Fertility and Adenomyosis – What You Need to Know

Adenomyosis can interfere with embryo implantation and increase the risk of miscarriage. As a reputed infertility specialist, Dr. Shelly Singh offers advanced fertility treatments alongside adenomyosis management, making her clinic a one-stop destination for women hoping to conceive.

If you’re trying to get pregnant and experiencing symptoms, getting the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi early is crucial.

Why Choose Dr. Shelly Singh for Adenomyosis Treatment?

  • Over 25 years of experience in women’s health
  • Expertise in complex gynecological and fertility cases
  • Compassionate, personalized care
  • Offers both medical and surgical treatment options

Women from across the region seek the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi under the expert guidance of Dr. Shelly Singh, who is known for her patient-first approach and clinical excellence.

FAQs about Adenomyosis

Q1. Can adenomyosis cause infertility?
Yes, it can impair fertility by affecting the uterine environment. Early treatment by an infertility specialist like Dr. Shelly Singh is recommended.

Q2. Is adenomyosis the same as endometriosis?
No. Adenomyosis affects the uterine muscle wall, while endometriosis involves endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

Q3. Can adenomyosis be cured without surgery?
Mild cases can often be managed with medications or hormonal therapy. Consult Dr. Shelly Singh for the best non-surgical options.

Q4. How is adenomyosis different from fibroids?
While both cause heavy periods and pain, fibroids are tumors; adenomyosis is a tissue invasion of the uterine wall.

Q5. What is the best treatment for adenomyosis in New Delhi?
The best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi includes a combination of hormonal therapy, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery—available under Dr. Shelly Singh’s care.

Conclusion

Adenomyosis may be silent, but its impact on a woman’s life can be loud. Ignoring the symptoms could delay effective treatment and affect fertility. By consulting Dr. Shelly Singh, you can access the best adenomyosis treatment in New Delhi, guided by a trusted expert in gynecology and fertility.

Early detection and expert care can turn silent suffering into empowered healing—don’t let adenomyosis go unnoticed.

Cancer Cervix – Ominous but largely preventable – Here’s what we know

Cancer cervix is cancer that affects the cervix, the mouth of the uterus which connects to the vagina. It is the second most common cancer amongst Indian women, second only to Cancer breast. As per Globocan, in India in 2020, there were 9.4 % of cancers due to Cancer cervix and 18.3% of new cases were added. In absolute numbers, 96,922 cases were added and 60,078 women lost their lives to cancer cervix. Due to the magnitude of the disease, it is important we are well aware of this deadly cancer and take an active part in prevention. 

Our goal by 2030 is “90-70-90 “which implies that health care workers must vaccinate at least 90 % of girls by the age of 15, screen 70 % of women by the age of 35 years and treat 90 % of women afflicted by this ominous malignancy. And if we put our efforts towards it, it should be achievable. 

 

What causes cervical cancer? 

Unlike many cancers whose causative factors we don’t really know, cervical cancer is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) This virus is also responsible for causing anogenital warts, vulvar and vaginal cancer. There are many types of HPV, some are the high-risk types that cause 70-80 % of cancer cervix. These viruses are sexually transmitted , extremely common and in a majority of cases, women acquire this during sexual activity. However the body is able to produce immunity against them, eliminating them from the body; in a small percentage of cases, however, these remain in the cervical cells, producing changes in their DNA and going from premalignant to malignant phase over 10-15 years. These are the viruses that need to be screened for. Screening should also be done for changes in the cervical cells by programmes like taking Pap’s smears, HPV DNA tests to screen for high-risk types of HPV and in relevant cases even colposcopy. 

 

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer? 

Women with multiple sexual partners 

or having partners who have multiple partners, smokers, women with other Sexually Transmitted diseases, patients with low immunity like patients of AIDS, intravenous drug users, women who have had many children, who started sexual activity at a very early age and who had childbirth at a very young age are all at high risk.

 

What are the types of Cancer cervix? 

There are mainly two types of cancer cervix 

  • Squamous cell cancers – originate from the flat cells on the outer surface of the cervix close to the vagina. Most cancers are of this type. 
  • Adenocarcinomas- which arise from the cervical glands lining the cervical canal. 
  • Sometimes both types of these cells are involved and at other times, rarely other types of cells are noted to cause it. 

 

What are the symptoms? 

Early cancer cervix has no symptoms. However, at a later stage, there may be irregular bleeding like post-coital bleeding ( after intercourse) bleeding at times other than your regular periods or postmenopausal bleeding. 

There may be a foul-smelling, often yellowish, pinkish or blood-tinged discharge and in late stages, pelvic pain as cancer spreads to other pelvic organs. 

If cancer has spread to distant organs like the liver, lungs, bladder and rectum, these too may be involved.

 

Diagnosis : 

  • Screening with Pap’s smears every 3 years after the age of 21 till 65 years of age or with Pap’s smear along with HPV virus screening, once every 5 years in women between 30-65 years of age. 
  • If there are abnormal changes seen in the cells of the cervix, a Colposcopy or magnified imaging of the cervix may be ordered by your gynaecologist. A biopsy of the suspicious areas may be taken which may be used to confirm or rule out cancer as well as the type of cancer.
  • Once confirmed, staging of cancer may be done using X-rays, CT scan, MRI, PET scan and also direct visualisation of other organs like the bladder or rectum using endoscopy. 
  • For early-stage suspicious areas, your doctor may perform colonisation or removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix containing the abnormal areas, else an electrical wire loop may be used to obtain a small tissue sample.

Treatment 

  • Treatment depends on many factors like the type of cancer, stage, age of the patient, other comorbidities. 
  • The options available are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these.
  • Surgery in the early stages may be the removal of cancer by taking out a cone of the cervix ( conisation) , 
  • removal of the cervix ( trachelectomy) or maybe a hysterectomy in which there is the removal of the cervix and uterus with a cuff of the vagina and also the draining lymph nodes. Minimally invasive hysterectomy is also an option depending on eligibility factors decided by your doctor. 
  • Immunotherapy and only palliative treatment are needed in more advanced cancer that has metastasised. 
  • Regular follow up is also required even after treatment.

How can you prevent cervical cancer? 

By screening, as indicated above and vaccinating young girls 9-26 years of age, and in some carefully selected cases up to 45 years of age. This HPV vaccine is given in 2 doses if the girl is less than 15 years of age and in 3 doses if she’s crossed her 15 th birthday. It is highly effective with minimal side effects and is available with most gynaecologists and paediatricians. 

Also, practice safe sex and stop smoking.

Remember that this deadly disease is easily prevented by screening and vaccination and if picked up early, cervical cancer can easily be treated. Early treatment saves many lives – just be educated, aware and empowered. Remember Cancer cervix is largely PREVENTABLE.

Cancer cervix

Cancer cervix is the second most important cancer in India over the last two decades.

Why must we know these figures? Because Cancer Cervix is rampant and a huge killer.


  • It causes 23.5 % of all cancers in women in India.
    Globally age-adjusted incidence rates are 15.3/100000. In India, this is 27/100000.

  • The incidence has reduced in urban areas but in rural areas, with limited-resource settings in medical treatment, it is still very high.

  • Every year about 134420 cases are added in India and about 75000 deaths occur due to the same. (2008)

  • By 2025 the projected increase in numbers is up to 116171.

 

-Why vaccinate?
We do not know the reasons behind many cancers, however, this is not true about the Cancer cervix. It is caused by a very common virus called HPV or Human Papillomavirus which is sexually transmitted. If we target girls for vaccination before they start with sexual activity , it will protect against this extremely ominous disease.

Which vaccines are available?
There are 2 vaccines available in India.
One is called Gardasil

The other is called CervarixGardasil protects against HPV 6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,53


Gardasil also protects against genital warts, cancer of the anus, vagina and vulva, and is also licensed for males( though not in India)

Cervarix protects against the two high-risk HPV viruses 16,18


HPV 16 and 18 are the high-risk viruses and cause 66% of cases of cervical cancer. The rest cause around 15 % cases.
Low-risk HPV viruses cause anal and genital warts.

Who is to be vaccinated?
HPV vaccination is indicated for girls between 9-26 years of age. Some clinicians also propose vaccination till 45 years of age.

How many doses are to be given?


  • For girls between 9-14 years, 2 doses are indicated, one at 0 months, the other 6-12 months later.

  • For girls who receive the first dose on their 15 th birthday or later, 3 doses are required, at 0 months,2 months and 6 months.

  • For immunocompromised patients even less than 15 years,3 doses are needed.

Mode of administration?
Intramuscular

What are the side effects of HPV vaccines?
The side effects are minor and cause fever, dizziness, nausea, mild pain in the upper arm at the site of injection.

Are they indicated in pregnancy?
No. However if inadvertently given to a pregnant lady, this is not an indication to terminate the pregnancy.

Some pertinent questions:


If someone in the age group of 9-14 years gets 2 doses but less than 5 months apart do we need to give a third dose?

YES


If someone is more than 15 years of age but vaccination was started at 11 years of age, are 2 doses needed or 3?


1 DOSE as the first dose of vaccination was initiated before the 15 th birthday.


If the vaccination schedule was interrupted do all doses need to be repeated?
NO


Do we still need to screen for cervical cancer?
YES

Zika virus

As the first case of the Zika virus is reported in Delhi at the RML hospital, there’s widespread buzz and panic about the virus and its effects on pregnant women. Let’s attempt to understand more about it. 

Zika virus was first detected in Uganda in 1947 and is transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito ( Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus); these mosquitoes are found all over the world especially in tropical and subtropical areas and are both day and night biters. 

Zika virus causes outbreaks in Central, South and North America and also in and around West Africa. Because of increasing globalisation and international travel, it is likely that there may be infections reported in many more regions. 

When the mosquito bites a person infected with the Zika virus, it infects the mosquito, which in turn infects another person with its bite. It enters the person’s bloodstream and causes symptoms of the infection. 

The virus can also be transmitted from an infected person to another by unprotected sexual intercourse. Blood transfusion and organ donation by an infected person are also means of transmission. 

During pregnancy, an infected mother can spread it to the unborn fetus. This is a dangerous form. 

 

Risk factors

Living in areas where infections are rampant increase the chances of Zika virus infection. Moreover, unprotected sex with partners who have lived or travelled recently from endemic areas also run the risk of getting infected. 

 

Symptoms of Zika virus infection

Remember this infection is very mild. In fact, 4 out of 5 people infected are completely asymptomatic. Infections begin 2 days to 2 weeks after the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms are similar to dengue and like many viral fevers last about a week. Most people have a mild fever, rash, severe body ache, a feeling of being unwell, joint pains and red eyes or conjunctivitis. 

There is headache, eye pain and maybe accompanying abdominal pain too. Most people recover completely; however, some may have late-onset neurological complications as well as Guillain Barre syndrome even in people who never really had any symptoms of the disease. 

Pregnant girls infected with the virus may have a spontaneous miscarriage, preterm births and stillbirths. 

Congenital Zika syndrome is a serious birth defect in infants born to mothers who were infected during pregnancy. 

These include microcephaly( a much smaller brain and head size) with a partly collapsed skull. There may be brain damage and reduced brain matter, eye damage, hypertonus( too much muscle tone )leading to reduced body movement and joint problems. So as you can see, the virus causes very mild symptoms in the pregnant woman but there are huge ramifications on the unborn baby . 

 

Diagnosis of Zika virus infection 

This can be done by RT PCR using the infected person’s serum, urine and throat samples. If the RNA of the virus is detected, it confirms the infection.

 

Treatment of Zika virus infection

All that is needed is plenty of rest, oral fluids and hydration, paracetamol and over the counter medicines for fever and pain. 

 

Prevention 

Currently, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for this virus, so prevention by other means is the best bet. Prevent yourself from mosquito bites.

If you are pregnant or attempting to get pregnant, you must not travel to countries where Zika virus outbreaks are common. You must wait two to three months to try to conceive if you have travelled to these regions. 

Practising safe sex is important; more so if your partner lives in or has travelled to areas where outbreaks are common.

You must protect yourself from mosquito bites by wearing protective clothing like full-sleeved clothes, long trousers, shoes and socks. 

You must use mosquito repellents and if you live in areas that are heavily infested with mosquitoes, you must use a mosquito net as well. 

You must make sure that you destroy mosquito habitats such as stagnant water in coolers, flower pots, containers, used automobile tyres. 

As is the norm with dengue prevention, you must follow a weekly regime of emptying standing water sources in and around your home. Using oil over drains and other areas which harbour these mosquitos also help to reduce their population and hence chances of infection.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue that is commonest in breastfeeding girls and may be associated with infection. This inflammation causes redness, wedge-shaped swelling, warmth and breast pain. 

It may cause flu-like symptoms too. Fever, chills and rigors are common. 

Mastitis can also occur in non-lactating women and also in men. 

Sometimes there may be chronic mastitis and occasionally a rare form of cancer called inflammatory cancer may mimic mastitis in older women. Patients with reduced immunity like those who have Diabetes, AIDS, those on steroids and drugs which suppress immunity can have mastitis. 

 

Why does this problem occur? 

A blocked milk duct due to incomplete feeding can cause one of the milk ducts to get clogged. Bacteria entering these ducts due to cracked nipples, mostly from the baby’s mouth can cause the same. Incorrect positioning of the baby while feeding and improper latching can also cause cracks in the nipple. 

In postmenopausal women, there is clogging of the ducts due to cells and debris that can precipitate this infection.

 

What are the risk factors? 

Previous bouts of mastitis when lactating , wearing too tight a bra , improper nursing techniques, poor nutrition , hygiene and smoking are risk factors . 

 

What are the signs and symptoms? 

Pain in the breast, generally on one side, redness, swelling, a breast lump, general malaise or high-grade temperature with chills. 

 

Complications? 

There may be a collection of pus or an abscess that may be caused due to mastitis. This may then require surgical drainage. 

 

What is the solution? 

Most times your doctor can make a diagnosis on physical examination. If there’s pus discharge from the nipple signifying an abscess, it will require a culture of breast milk or nipple discharge. 

Inflammatory Cancer may require an ultrasound of the breasts or mammography. 

 

Treatment 

Antibiotics, painkillers, hot compresses before completely emptying the breast and cold compresses after painful lactation, massaging the breast when feeding or pumping from the affected area towards the nipple are some of the tips in treatment. 

Proper latching techniques and continuing to breastfeed even alongside mastitis helps. Breastfeeding from the affected side first when your baby is hungrier helps to empty the breast due to stronger suckling.

Proper rest and hydration also help. 

Most times it resolves within days to a couple of weeks. If it does not, you must meet your doctor.

WHAT IS GESTATIONAL DIABETES?

Sheetal (name changed) ,a 30-year-old Primigravida ,went for a blood test called an OGTT with 75 glucose load at 24 weeks pregnancy and was appalled when the results showed high blood sugars. She had a family history of Diabetes in both parents but prior to her pregnancy, she never had high blood sugars.

Sheetal is a typical case of Gestational DM, which is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy. There is good news though. This affects your health and your baby’s but you can control it easily by diet, exercise, lifestyle modifications and occasionally medication. The bad news however is that it may lead to Type 2 Diabetes later in life and your baby too may suffer from childhood obesity and Diabetes.

RISK FACTORS

  • Obesity
  • Family history of DM
  • Race: We Asians are at a higher risk compared to Whites
  • If you’ve had a previous pregnancy with GDM or Prediabetes
  • If you’ve delivered a baby with a birth weight of 4.1 kg or more

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF GDM?

There aren’t many symptoms except maybe increased thirst or urination. Most times it’s only detected when we test for sugars at 24-28 weeks or in the case of high-risk patients, at the first antenatal visit.

COMPLICATIONS:

Let’s divide these into complications for you and for your baby

For your baby, it may lead to

  • Increased birth weight
  • Birth injuries like shoulder dystocia and collar bone fractures etc.
  • 3 times greater risk of a Caesarean delivery
  • 4 times greater risk of NICU care
  • Hypoglycemia and some other biochemical derangements after delivery
  • Breathing difficulties, Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Stillbirths
  • Greater chance of obesity and DM later in life

For you, it may lead to

  • Increased chance of difficult vaginal delivery owing to a big baby
  • Vaginal and perineal tears
  • Caesarean delivery
  • Future DM

PREVENTION OF GDM:

As with most lifestyle illnesses prevention and first-line treatment is by lifestyle changes. Eating a healthy diet rich in green vegetables and fruits

lean meat, whole grains high in nutrition and low in calories and fats. Simple carbohydrates like sugars and desserts are to be limited. Regular meals and snacks with small portion sizes are desired. Talk to your nutritionist or doctor to help you with a diet chart.

Exercising 5-6 times a week for at least 30-45 minutes, unless contraindicated by your doctor is most vital.

Cutting alcohol and smoking completely is required and maintaining a healthy weight even before you become pregnant is vital to ease your journey with GDM.

You should not gain more weight than recommended.

TREATMENT

As mentioned above , lifestyle modifications are crucial to controlling high blood sugars in GDM, which in turn reduce the complications of the disease.

You will need to buy a glucometer and monitor your blood sugar levels 4 or more times a day.

Medication like Insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs may be needed depending on your blood sugar control or lack of it; the dose being adjusted accordingly.Most times it is only 10-20% patients who need medication.

Your baby’s growth is monitored by serial ultrasounds and other tests including checking for the amniotic fluid volume and Dopplers to determine blood flows.

Delivery is done at around 38 weeks or even later if all is well; your doctor is the best judge of it and you must have a frank and detailed chat with her about the birth plan . Sometimes, however a preterm delivery may happen owing to complications of the disease.

Following delivery ,your blood sugars will be checked , one OGTT will be repeated 6 weeks later and then you will need follow up at least every 2-3 years if not more frequently .

 

REMEMBER GDM IS EASILY CONTROLLED WITH DIET,EXERCISE, HEALTHY LIVING AND MEDICINES AND PREVENTION IS ALSO BY LIFESTYLE CHANGES. LETS STAY FIT AND BEAT THESE LIFESTYLE ILLNESSES -LETS BEGIN BEFORE PREGNANCY;IN FACT,LETS BEGIN NOW!

All You Need To Know About Covid Vaccination For Pregnant Women

The long-term effects and safety of the vaccine on the foetus and child have yet not been established.

 

-Dr. Shelly Singh, MBBS, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology) Senior Consultant – Obstetrics & Gynecology, Rosewalk Hospital, Delhi

Which group of pregnant women are at risk?

All pregnant women are at risk and they should definitely get the vaccine. A special mention for women who are: